‍Calculating the amount of holiday pay an employee or worker should receive seems, on the face of things, a fairly straightforward process.

However, a number of court decisions since 2014 have changed the landscape. Employers must now consider a range of additional circumstances when calculating holiday pay, overtime agreements and commission schemes.  In addition, new legislation in Great Britain (England, Scotland and Wales) from 1st January 2024, has now been introduced which provides some more clarity - under The Employment Rights (Amendment, Revocation and Transitional Provision) Regulations 2023. 

This article covers

• What do you need to consider when calculating holiday pay?
• What does overtime mean?
• So, what should employers do now when calculating holiday pay?
• Key case studies
• Further reading

What do you need to consider when calculating holiday pay?

Holiday pay is based on a week's pay. If you work shifts, or have no normal working hours, then holiday pay used to be calculated by using the preceding 12 weeks of pay. In February 2019, however, the government announced that the reference period of determining a week’s pay for the purpose of calculating holiday pay will be increased to 52 weeks from 6th April 2020.

A week’s pay used to be calculated in accordance with the definition of a working week in the Employment Rights Act 1996, which says that a ‘working week’ includes basic pay and any overtime specified in your employment contract, that is compulsory for you to work.

But now, holiday pay should also include payments for the following:

• Contractual, results-based commission (for other types of commission, the law is still unclear)
• Guaranteed, compulsory overtime
• Non-guaranteed, compulsory overtime if this is regularly worked (irregular overtime is still unclear)
• Voluntary overtime, where this regularly occurs
• Possibly performance bonuses (discretionary bonuses probably not; contractual bonuses probably yes)
• Possibly some allowances (e.g. travel allowances, travelling time payments, standby and on-call allowances too, that form part of ‘normal remuneration’).

Holiday pay does not have to include payments for:

• Benefits in kind such as pension, cars and health cover
• Salary that is ‘sacrificed’ through a salary sacrifice scheme (e.g. for childcare vouchers).

From 1st January 2024, new legislation in Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland) introduces new methods of calculating holiday pay for (newly defined) ‘Irregular Hours’ and ‘Part-Year’ Workers.  See our main Working Time Regulations article for more details.

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What does overtime mean?

Normally, it means any hours worked over and above your normal contractual working hours. However, there are different types of overtime:

• Guaranteed overtime – an employer is required to offer overtime
• Non-guaranteed overtime – an employer does not have to offer overtime
• Voluntary overtime – an employee is not required to do any overtime but can accept it if they wish
• Compulsory overtime – an employee is required to do any overtime offered by the employer.

Key case studies

Neal v Freightliner Ltd 2013

The Judge said that all overtime – contractual and non-contractual, compulsory or voluntary and any shift premiums – should be included when calculating holiday. This decision is not binding as it was not appealed, but settled out of Court instead.

Lock v British Gas 2014

The Court of Appeal, in 2016, concluded that the Working Time Regulations 1998 can be interpreted to include the contractual results-based commission in holiday pay. The court ruled that Mr Lock’s holiday pay should be based on his average normal remuneration which included earnings from his commission.

However, this only applies to the first four weeks (20 days) of annual leave (and not the additional eight days that is given in the UK, or any additional contractual holiday entitlement an employer gives its staff).  See October 2023 update below as this may now be incorrect.

Bear Scotland Ltd v Fulton; Hertel (UK) Ltd v Wood; Amec Group Ltd v Law 2014

The Employment Appeal Tribunal (EAT) heard these combined cases where the claimants had successfully argued in their Employment Tribunals that their employers should have included regular, but non-contractual, overtime in their holiday pay.

The EAT agreed and said that regular, non-guaranteed overtime (i.e. overtime the employer does not have to offer but if it does the employee must work it) should be included when calculating holiday pay.

The Bear Scotland decision also made other important points including:

• Claims could not be bought for previous underpayment of holiday if there had been a 3 month gap between underpayments.  Basically, a series of underpayments is  broken if there is a gap of 3 months or more since the previous underpayment.
• The first 4 weeks of holiday that is taken by a worker is ‘Directive’ Leave (i.e. the original 20 days holiday entitlement).  This is followed by taking ‘Additional’ Leave (i.e. the additional 8 days that applies in the UK) and any more Contractual/Occupational Leave.
• Both of these decisions were overturned in October 2023 - see below.

White v Others v Dudley Metropolitan Borough Council 2016

A judge concluded that voluntary overtime, voluntary standby, and voluntary call-out payments should be considered ‘normal’ pay if undertaken with ‘sufficient regularity’, and should, therefore, be used when calculating holiday pay.

Dudley Council appealed and in August 2017 the EAT confirmed that voluntary overtime was ‘normal’ where it’s paid over a sufficient period of time on a regular basis. The EAT found that payments made over several years at a rate of one week in every four-to-five weeks was sufficiently regular. This may be appealed.

The EAT in this case also appeared to endorse a 12-week reference period to calculate holidays (as previously thought).

Flowers v East of England Ambulance Trust 2017

The ET ruled that ambulance workers’ compulsory overtime in relation to shift and shift over-runs should be included in the calculation of holiday pay. This overtime was not guaranteed but was required to be done, and as it was an essential requirement of their job, it should be included in holiday pay calculations.

In July 2019, the Court of Appeal upheld the EAT decision and said that voluntary overtime payment should be reflected in holiday pay, as long as those payments constitute ‘normal’ pay. This case does need to be taken seriously by the private sector because of a similar decision in Dudley Council v Willetts (above). In March 2020 The Supreme Court granted the East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust permission to appeal the Court of Appeal’s ruling.

In June 2021 this case was settled and withdrawn from the Supreme Court’s hearing list!

King v Sash Window Workshop Ltd (SWWL)

This case is a reminder that it’s not just employees who are covered by these new holiday pay rules, but workers too. Mr King worked as a salesman on a commission-only basis for 13 years, but was not paid if he took holiday as SWWL considered him self-employed. When Mr King reached 65, in 2012, his employment was terminated and he successfully claimed holiday pay at an Employment Tribunal because he was actually a ‘worker’. (See our article “Am I an Employee, a Freelancer or a Worker?” for more information on the definitions of employment).

This case has since bounced around between the EAT, the Court of Appeal, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and back to the UK Court of Appeal. The ECJ decision confirmed that a worker is entitled to payment in lieu of accrued leave for the whole period he was entitled to holiday where he was denied the possibility of taking it (he couldn’t take it because it wouldn’t be paid) - without limitation in time.

The case was due to return to the UK Court of Appeal to implement the ECJ’s decision and to calculate the compensation owed to King, but the case was settled outside of Court before the hearing.

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The October 2023 decision of the UK Supreme Court, in The Chief Constable of the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI) v Agnew and Others

This case was first brought in 2015/16 and heard in 2018, on behalf of over 3,500 police officers and civilian employees of the PSNI in Northern Ireland, who had only received basic pay during their holidays, when they regularly worked paid overtime.

The original Tribunal found these under payments unlawful.  The PSNI accepted that the claimants had been underpaid but disputed the time periods for which claims could be made.

The case eventually went to the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal, who disagreed with the Tribunal’s findings in various ways.  Their judgement was not binding outside of Northern Ireland, until the case went to the UK Supreme Court and a decision was handed down on 4th October 2023.

The Supreme Court agreed with the NI Court of Appeal and said that:

• A series of unlawful deductions is not broken by lawful payments in between unlawful deductions, or by a gap in unlawful deduction/holiday payments of 3 months or more (overturning Bear Fulton 2014).  The Supreme Court said that workers did not need to demonstrate that underpayments perform a continuous sequence, and that a 3 month or more gap would not stop them being able to claim under-payments, where these had occurred.
• Annual Leave is not taken in a particular sequence.  The Supreme Court said there is no basis under the Working Time Regulations to suggest a worker takes ‘Directive’ Leave (i.e. 20 days) first, followed by ‘Additional’ Leave (I.e. the UK enhancement of 8 days which is on top of the original 20 days) and any further occupational/ contractual leave an Employer may offer.  The Supreme Court said leave is one “composite” pot and can’t be distinguished.  (Overturning Bear Fulton 2014).
• It is wrong to use 365 days to calculate holiday pay - the number of working days and a reference period should be used when calculating holiday pay.

The Supreme Court dismissed the PSNI’s appeal, which means the PSNI now need to pay all of its staff for underpaid holiday, which could cost up to £40 million!

However, in England, Wales and Scotland, workers can only recover underpaid holiday for a maximum of 2 years, because of a law that was introduced by the UK Government in 2014, which was effective from 1st July 2015.  In Northern Ireland, this law has not been implemented so claims for underpaid holiday from Northern Irish workers could go back to 1998 (when the Working Time Regulations were first introduced), or when the worker’s employment first started.

Further reading

If you're thinking of taking on your first employee, you can check out our "How much does it cost to hire an employee?" article for more information.